ｿ�ｸｮｴﾂ ｿ莢｡ﾀﾇ ｿｪｻ鄙｡ ｴ�ﾇﾘ ｾﾋｰ� ﾀﾖｳｪｿ�?
ｿ莢｡ﾀﾇ ｿｪｻ邵ｦ ｻｰ｢ﾇﾏｸ�, ｹｫｾｻ ｸﾕﾀ� ｻｰ｢ ﾇﾏｽﾃｳｪｿ�? ｿ莢｡ﾀﾇ ｿｪｻ鄲ﾇ ｾ鋐ｲ ﾃ鯊ｺ, ｱﾗｸｮｰ� ｴ鄂ﾅﾀﾌ ﾇﾒ ｼﾖｴﾂ ｰﾍｵ鯊ﾌｳｪ ｶｰｳｪ ﾇﾊｼ釥ﾎ ﾁﾟｿ萇ﾑ ｰﾍﾀｺ ｹｫｾﾎｰ｡? ｴ鄂ﾅﾀｺ ﾆﾇｻ邁｡ｵﾇｰ暲ﾖｴﾙ.
ﾁ�ｽﾃ ｸ柀ｮﾇﾏﾁ� ｶｧｷﾎｴﾂ ﾁﾖﾁｦﾀﾇ ｰ｡ﾀ� ﾁﾟｿ萇ﾑ ﾃ鯊ﾌｴﾙ. ｿﾏﾀ�ﾇﾑ ｱﾗｸｲﾀｻ ｾｻ ｵｶｼｭｸｦ ｰ霈ﾓﾇﾟｴﾙ.
ﾁ､ﾈｮﾇﾑ ｱ箍｣ｿ｡ ｰ�ﾇﾑ ｸ� ｳ暲� ｴ�ｽﾅ, 4~8,000ｳ� ﾇ� ｽﾃﾁ｡ｿ｡ｼｭ ｴﾙｽﾃ ｿ莢｡ ｹ�ﾀｧﾀﾇ ｿｪｻ鄙ﾍ ｰﾅﾀﾇ ｸ� ｿｬｱｸ ｰ皺� ｿ莢｡ ﾀﾎｴｺ ｰ隹� ｹｮｸ暲ﾇ ﾅｺｻ ﾀ蠑ﾒｿｴｴﾙ ｵｿﾀﾇﾇﾕｴﾏｴﾙ. ﾃｳﾀｽ ﾈﾎ ﾃｶﾇﾐﾀﾇ ｺﾒｰ｡ｺﾐﾀﾇ ﾀﾏｺﾎｷﾎ ｰｳｹﾟｵﾇｾ嶸ﾙ.
ｳｪﾁﾟｿ｡ ｺﾒｱｳ ｹﾗ ﾀﾚﾀﾌｳｪｱｳ ｹｮﾀ蠢｡ｼｭ ｴﾙﾀｽｰ� ﾈ晴� ｼﾒﾀ� ﾇ�ｽﾄ ｵﾚｵ､ｱ� ﾅ�ﾇﾘ ｻ� ｼﾓﾀｸｷﾎ ｿｩﾇ狢ｻﾇﾟｴﾙ. ｱﾗｷｯｳｪ ｾﾆﾁｺ ｱｸﾇ� ｽﾃｰ｣ﾀﾇ ﾅﾗｽｺﾆｮｿ｡ ｶﾈｹﾙｷﾎ ｼｭ ｸｻﾀﾌｾﾟ. ﾀﾌ ｹｮｼｭｴﾂ ｿ莢｡ｿﾍ ｸｹﾀｺ ｿｪｻ� ﾇﾐﾀﾚｿﾍ ｿｬｱｸﾀﾚｿ｡ ﾀﾇﾇﾘ ｼｳｸ昉ﾈｴ�ｷﾎ ｴﾙｾ酩ﾑ ｿ莢｡ ｹｮﾈｭﾀﾇ ｽｺﾄﾉﾁﾙｿ｡ ﾃﾊﾁ｡ﾀｻ ｸﾂﾃﾟｰ暲ﾖｴﾙ.
ﾀﾏ Pre - Vedic (ca. 6000 - 3000BCE)ｿﾍ Vedic (ca. 2000 - 1500BCE) ｴﾜｰ�
ｸ鋕� ﾇﾐﾀﾚｵ鯊ｺ ｿ莢｡ﾀﾇ ｽﾇﾃｵﾀﾇ ｷ酥ｮｴﾂ ｿｬｷﾉｿ｡ ｼﾓﾇﾏﾁ� ｾﾊｴﾂｴﾙｴﾂ ｰﾔ ｹﾏｾ� Vedic; ｱﾗｰﾍｺｸｴﾙｴﾂ ｻ鄲�ﾀﾇ ｵｵｸﾞﾀﾎｿ｡ｼｭ ﾀｯｷ｡ｵﾆｴﾙ - Vedic, ｺ� - ｱﾗｰﾍﾀｺ ﾀｧｴ�ﾇﾑ Vedic shastrasｿ｡ ｾ鋐ｲ ｼｳｸ暲ﾌ ｴﾙﾀｽｰ� ｾﾆｸｮｾﾆ ｼｼ. ｻ鄂ﾇ,ﾀﾌ ﾀﾌｷﾐﾀﾇ ﾁﾚ ｻ鄲�ｿ｡ ﾅｫ ｿｪﾁ｡ﾀｻｵﾎｰ� - Vedic ﾅﾘｽｺﾆｮｸｦ ﾀﾚｽﾅﾀﾇ ﾁﾖﾀ蠡ﾇ ﾁ｡ﾀﾖｴﾙ.
ｱﾗｷｯｳｪ ｵ･ﾀﾌｺ� ﾇﾁｷﾑｸｮｿ｡ｿ� ｰｰﾀｺ ｸｹﾀｺ ｿｬｱｸ ｰ皺� ｿ莢｡ｿﾍ ｿ莢｡ﾀﾇ ｹｮﾈｭｸｦ ｸﾕﾀ� ｾ鋐ｲ ﾀﾏ Pre - Vedic ｻﾑｸｮｸｦ ｼ猊ﾏﾁ� ｾﾊｾﾒｴﾙ Vedic shastras, ｻｭｰ｡ ﾀﾖｾ嶸ﾙ ﾁﾖﾀ衂ﾏｰ暲ﾖｴﾙ. ﾀﾌ ﾁ｡ｿ｡ｼｭ ｽﾃﾀﾛﾇﾏｴﾂ ｻ邯鯊ｻ ｿ莢｡ﾀﾇ ｿｪｻ邏ﾂ ｰﾅﾀﾇ 4ｹ鮑ｸｳ箙ﾎ ﾃﾟﾁ､ span ｹﾏｽﾀｴﾏｴﾙ. ｱﾗｰﾍﾀｺ ｻ�ｽｺﾅｩｸｮﾆｮ Sanskrit)ﾀﾇ ﾂﾌ ｰ｡ﾀﾎ ｵ･ﾀﾌｺ� ﾇﾁｷﾑｸｮｿ｡ｿ� ｿｬｱｸ ﾀﾚﾃｼｸｦ ｴﾙｽﾃ ｿ莢｡ｿﾍ ｿ莢｡ﾀﾇ ｽﾇﾃｵﾀﾇ ﾁｭｸｦ ﾃﾟﾀ鉎ﾒ ｼ� ﾀﾖｴﾙｰ� ﾁﾖﾀ衂ﾟｴﾙ.
Upanishadic (ca. 800 - 100BCE) ﾂ�
ｿ莢｡ﾀﾇ ｱｸﾃｼﾀ釥ﾎ ｿｹｽﾃｿﾍ ｿ莢｡ﾀﾇ ｹｮﾈｭ Upanishadsｿ｡ ﾃ篩ｬﾇﾟｴﾙ. Maitrayaniya Upanishad (ca. 200 - 300BCE)ｿ｡ ｵ鄕｣ｸ�, ｿ莢｡ ｿ莢｡ Shadanga ｿ｢ﾀ釥ｸｷﾎ ｺﾐｿｭｵﾅ 6 ｻ｣ﾇﾏﾁｸ ｰ暲ｯﾀﾇ ﾇﾐｹｮ - Pranayama (ﾈ｣ﾈ� ｿ鋙ｿ), Pratyahara (ｰｨｰ｢ ｾ�ﾁｦ), Dhyana (ｸ晙� ﾀﾌﾇﾏ), Dharana (focus)ﾀｻ ﾆｯﾂ｡ﾀﾔｴﾏｴﾙ , Tarka (ｼ�)ｰ� Samadhi (ｿ｢ｽｺﾅﾍｽﾃ).
the Katha Upanishad ﾀﾖﾀｽ, ｿ莢｡ﾀﾇ ｻ邱ﾊｴﾂ ｴ�ｹｿ� ﾁﾖ ｶﾇｴﾂ ｴ� ｳｺ ﾀﾇｽﾄ ｴﾞｼｺﾀｻ ﾀｧﾇﾘ ｸｶﾀｽｰ� ﾁｺﾀﾇ steadiness ﾀﾌｿﾜｿ｡ ﾁﾄﾀﾇ ｸ� ｴﾙｼｸ ｾﾇｱ篋ｦ ｰ睇ﾕﾇﾑ ｵｵｱｸｷﾎ expoundedﾀﾔｴﾏｴﾙ. ｿ莢｡ﾀﾇ ｿｪｻ鄙｡ ｴﾃｾ錡ｭﾀﾖｴﾂｸｸﾅｭ, ｿｬｽﾀ, ｺｸﾆ暲釥ﾎ ｹｫｷﾂﾀﾇ ｰ�ﾁ｡ｿ｡ｼｭ ﾀﾚｿｬﾀﾇ ｹﾄ｢ﾀｻ ﾀﾌﾇﾘﾇﾏｴﾂ ﾇﾏｳｪﾀﾇ ｸ･ｸｦ ﾇ簓ﾘ ﾁﾃｿ｡ ﾀﾇﾇﾘ ｱﾗｵ鯊ﾇ ｰｨｰ｢ﾀﾇ ｰ�ｸｮｸｦ ｺｸﾀ衂ﾕｴﾏｴﾙ.
Patanjali ｿ莢｡ Sutras - ﾅｬｷ｡ｽﾄ (ca. 200CE) ﾂ�
ﾀﾌ ｿ莢｡ sutrasｷﾎ Patanjali Shastraｿ｡ｼｭ ｼｳｸ桒ﾏｰ� ﾁﾖｷﾎ ｶﾚ ｿ莢｡ ｿ莢｡ﾀﾇ ｹｮﾈｭｿﾍ ｰ�ﾇ狢ﾇ ﾄﾄﾆﾄﾀﾏｵﾋｴﾏｴﾙ. ｿ莢｡ ｱｹｰ｡ﾀﾇ ｿｪｻ邱ﾎｼｭ, Patanjali Sutras ｱ篩� 2 ｼｼｱ篩｡ｼｭ ｱ篩� 3 ｼｼｱ箒ﾂ ﾇﾐｹｮﾀｻﾇﾏｴﾂ ｵｿｾﾈ ﾁﾘｼｦ ｸ柀ｮﾇﾏｰﾔ ｱﾗｸｲ 8 codifiedｿﾔｴﾙ. ｺｻﾁ惕釥ｸｷﾎ ｱﾗｰﾍﾀﾌｾ嶸ﾙ Ashtanga ｸ蟾ﾎ ﾇﾏｳｪﾀﾇ ｸｶﾀｽﾀｻ ｴﾞｷ｡ｴﾂ ｿ莢｡ｿﾍ ﾀﾚｿｬﾀﾇ ｹｫﾇﾑﾇﾑ ｰｭﾁｦｷﾎ ｱﾗｰﾍﾀｻ ｰ睇ﾕﾇﾏｿｩ ｱｸﾇﾈ ｱｸｼｺ.
ﾀﾌｵ� 8 ｰｳ ﾇﾐｹｮ ﾃｼｰ雕ｸﾀﾌ ﾀ�ﾅ�ﾀ釥ﾎ ﾀｱｸｮ ｿ｢ Bhagavad - Gitaｻﾓｸｸ ｾﾆｴﾏｶ�, ｼｼｺﾎ ｻ酩ﾗｿ｡ ｿｬｽﾀｰ� ｶﾚ ｿ莢｡ﾀﾇ ｿｮ expoundedｿ｡ ﾀﾇﾇﾘ ﾃ､ﾅﾃｿ｡ ｿｪﾁ｡ﾀｻｵﾎｰ暙ﾀｴﾏｴﾙ. ｴﾙｸ･ ﾇ�ﾅﾂﾀﾇ ｿ莢｡ Hatha ｿ莢｡ Pradipika ｴ�ｺﾎｺﾐﾀｺ ｼｭｾ� ｹｮﾈｭｿ｡ ｰｨｻ邨蟶ｳｴﾏｴﾙ. ﾀﾌ ｾ鄂ﾄﾀｺ 15 ｼｼｱ� ｵｿｾﾈ ﾀﾎｵｵﾀﾇ ｽｺｿﾍ Swatamaramaｿ｡ ﾀﾇﾇﾘ ﾁﾖﾃ｢ﾇﾟｴﾙ.
ﾇ� ｿ莢｡
20 ｼｼｱ� ﾃﾊ ﾀﾌｷ｡ｷﾎ, ｿ莢｡ ｿｬｽﾀﾀｻ ﾂ�ﾀｺ ｻﾎｿ� ﾇ�ﾅﾂｷﾎ ﾁ� ﾀ�ﾅ� ｿ莢｡ﾀﾇ ｿｪｻ鄙｡ｼｭ ﾆﾄｻｵﾈｿ｡ ｹﾝｴ�ﾇﾟｴﾙ. ｱﾗｰﾍﾀｺ ﾁﾖｷﾎ, ｻ鄂ﾇﾀｺ ﾀ�ﾅ�ﾀ釥ﾎ ｿｬｽﾀﾀｻ ﾆ ﾇ蠖ﾅｰ� ﾈﾀﾇ ｱﾇﾀｧﾁﾖﾀﾇ ﾁﾘｼﾏｴﾂ ｵ� ｼｼｰ霑｡ｼｭ ｸﾎ ﾀｯｹｰｷﾐﾀｻ ｴﾞｼｺﾇﾏﾁ� ｸﾒ ｼｵﾀﾖｽﾀｴﾏｴﾙｿ｡ ｴ�ﾇﾑ ﾇﾊｿ� ｶｧｹｮﾀﾌｴﾙ. ｱﾗｷ｡ｼｭ ﾇ鄲ﾇ ﾃﾟｼｼｴﾂ ｿ莢｡ﾀﾇ ｽﾇﾃｵﾀﾇ ﾀ�ﾀﾎﾀ� ﾁ｢ｱﾙ ｹ貉ｰ� ｱﾗ ｱﾇｷﾂﾀﾇ ｸｶﾀｽｰ� ｸ�, ﾀ�ﾅ�ﾀ釥ﾎ ｿｬｽﾀﾀｻ ｹﾙﾅﾁﾀｸｷﾎﾇﾏﾁｸ, ｽｱｰﾔ ｱｸﾇ｡ ｴ�ﾇﾑ ｰ｣ｴﾜﾇﾑ ｱ箴惕ｻ ｰ｡ﾁ� ｸﾂﾃ翩� ｰｳｹﾟ ｰｭﾈｭｸｦ ｰｭﾁｶﾇﾏｰ暲ﾖｴﾙ.
ﾀ� ﾀｧﾀﾇ ﾁ､ｺｸｸｦ ｸﾎ ﾀﾐｴﾂ ﾁﾅｿ� ｱｳﾀｰ ｴ鄂ﾅﾀｻ ﾀｧﾇﾘ ﾈﾁ. ｱﾍﾇﾏﾀﾇ ﾇﾐｽﾀ ｰ愠､ﾀｻ ﾁ猊ﾘｾﾟﾇﾑｴﾙ -ｼﾏ ｴ鄂ﾅﾀｺ ｾ鋐ｰﾇﾑ ﾁﾖﾁｦｿ｡ ｴ�ﾇﾘ ﾀﾌﾇﾘ ﾇﾒｼﾏ ｴ鄂ﾅﾀｺ ｴﾙｸ･ ｻ邯魏� ｰｯﾇﾏｴﾂ ｼﾖﾀｻ ｰﾍﾀﾔｴﾏｴﾙ.
